Presidents and vice presidents of the United States (1789–) [Includes elections]
1789–1797:George Washington (independent, Va.)
1788 def. John Adams (independent, Mass.)
1792 def. John Adams (Federalist, Mass.), George Clinton (Republican, N.Y.)
1797–1801:John Adams (Federalist, Mass.)
1796 def. Thomas Jefferson (Republican, Va.)
1801–1809:Thomas Jefferson (Republican, Va.)
1800 (with Aaron Burr of N.Y.) def. John Adams / Charles Cotesworth Pinckney (Federalist, Mass. / S.C.)
1800 (with George Clinton of N.Y.) def. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney / Rufus King (Federalist, S.C. / Mass.)
1809–1817:James Madison (Republican, Va.)
1808 (with George Clinton† of N.Y.) def. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney / Rufus King (Federalist, S.C. / Mass.)
1812 (with Elbridge Gerry† of N.Y.) def. De Witt Clinton / Jared Ingersoll (Republican–Federalist, N.Y. / Penn.)
1817–1825:James Monroe (Republican, Va.)
1816 (with Daniel D. Tompkins of N.Y.) def. Rufus King / John Eager Howard (Federalist, S.C. / Md.)
1820 (with Daniel D. Tompkins of N.Y.) def. N/A / Richard Stockton (Federalist, N.J.)
1825–1829:John Quincy Adams (Adams’ Men, Mass.)
1824 (“Adams–Clay” Republican with John C. Calhoun of S.C.) def. Andrew Jackson / John C. Calhoun (“Jacksonian” Republican, Tenn. / S.C.), William H. Crawford / Nathaniel Macon (“Old” Republican, Ga. / N.C.), Henry Clay / Nathan Sanford (“Adams–Clay” Republican, Ky. / N.Y.)
1829–1837:Andrew Jackson (Democratic, Tenn.)
1828 (with Nullifier John C. Calhoun of S.C.) def. John Quincy Adams / Richard Rush (Adams’ Men, Mass. / Penn.)
1832 (with Martin Van Buren of N.Y.) def. Henry Clay / John Sergeant (National Republican, Ky. / Penn.), John Floyd / Henry Lee (Nullifier, Va. / Mass.), William Wirt / Amos Ellmaker (Anti-Masonic, Md. / Penn.)
1837–1841:Martin Van Buren (Democratic, N.Y.)
1836 (with Richard M. Johnson of Ky.) def. William Henry Harrison / Francis Granger (Whig, Ohio / N.Y.), Hugh L. White / John Tyler (Whig, Tenn. / Va.), Daniel Webster / Francis Granger (Whig, Mass. / N.Y.), Willie P. Mangum / John Tyler (Whig, N.C. / Va.)
1841:William Henry Harrison† (Whig, Ohio)
1836 (with John Tyler of Va.) def. Martin Van Buren / Richard M. Johnson (Democratic, N.Y. / Ky.)
1841–1845:JohnTyler (Whig, from 1841 independent; Va.)
1845–1849:James K. Polk (Democratic, Tenn.)
1844 (with George M. Dallas of Penn.) def. Henry Clay / Theodore Frelinghuysen (Whig, Ky. / N.J.)
1849–1850:Zachary Taylor† (Whig, La.)
1848 (with Millard Fillmore of N.Y.) def. Lewis Cass / William O. Butler (Democratic, Mich. / Ky.), Martin Van Buren / Charles F. Adams (Free Soil, N.Y. / Mass.)
1850–1853:Millard Fillmore (Whig, N.Y.)
1853–1857:Franklin Pierce (Democratic, N.H.)
1852 (with William R. King† of Ala.) def. Winfield Scott / William A. Graham (Whig, N.J. / N.C.)
1857–1861:James Buchanan (Democratic, Penn.)
1856 (with John C. Breckinridge of Ky.) def. John C. Frémont / William L. Dayton (Republican, Calif. / N.J.), Millard Fillmore / Andrew J. Donelson (American, N.Y. / Tenn.)
1861–1865:Abraham Lincoln‡ (Republican, Ill.)
1860 (with Hannibal Hamlin of Maine) def. John C. Breckinridge / Joseph Lane (Southern Democratic, Ky. / Ore.), John Bell / Eward Everett (Constitutional Union, Tenn. / Mass.), Stephen A. Douglas / Herschel V. Johnson (Democratic, Ill. / Ga.)
1864 (“National Union” with Democrat Andrew Johnson of Tenn.) def. George B. McClellan / George H. Pendleton (Democratic, N.J. / Ohio)
1865–1869:Andrew Johnson (“National Union” Democratic, Tenn.)
1869–1877:Ulysses S. Grant (Republican, Ill.)
1868 (with Schuyler Colfax of Ind.) def. Horatio Seymour / Francis Preston Blair junior (Democratic, N.Y. / Mo.)
1872 (with Henry Wilson† of Mass.) def. Horace Greeley / Benjamin G. Brown (Liberal Republican, N.Y. / Mo.)
1877–1881:Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican, Ohio)
1876 (with William A. Wheeler of N.Y.) def. Samuel J. Tilden / Thomas A. Hendricks (Democratic, N.Y. / Ind.)
1881:James A. Garfield‡ (Republican, Ohio)
1880 (with Chester A. Arthur of N.Y.) def. Winfield S. Hancock / William H. English (Democratic, Penn. / Ind.)
1881–1885:Chester A. Arthur (Republican, N.Y.)
1885–1889:Grover Cleveland (Democratic, N.Y.)
1884 (with Thomas A. Hendricks of Ind.) def. James G. Blaine / John A. Logan (Republican, Maine / Ill.)
1889–1893:Benjamin Harrison (Republican, Ind.)
1888 (with Levi P. Morton of N.Y.) def. Grover Cleveland / Allen G. Thurman (Democratic, N.Y. / Ohio)
1893–1897:Grover Cleveland (Democratic, N.Y.)
1892 (with Adlai Stevenson of Ill.) def. Benjamin Harrison / Whitelaw Reid (Republican, Ind. / N.Y.), James B. Weaver / James G. Field (Populist, Iowa / Va.)
1897–1901:William McKinley‡ (Republican, Ohio)
1896 (with Garret Hobart† of N.J.) def. William Jennings Bryan / Arthur Sewall (Democratic, Neb. / Maine)
1900 (with Theodore Roosevelt of N.Y.) def. William Jennings Bryan / Adlai Stevenson (Democratic, Neb. / Ill.)
1901–1909:Theodore Roosevelt (Republican, N.Y.)
1904 (with Charles W. Fairbanks of Ind.) def. Alton B. Parker / Henry G. David (Democratic, N.Y. / W.Va.)
1909–1913:William Howard Taft (Republican, Ohio)
1908 (with James S. Sherman† of N.Y.) def. William Jennings Bryan / John W. Kern (Democratic, Neb. / Ind.)
1913–1921:Woodrow Wilson (Democratic, N.J.)
1912 (with Thomas R. Marshall of Ind.) def. Theodore Roosevelt / Hiram Johnson (Progressive, N.Y. / Calif.), William Howard Taft / Nicholas M. Butler (Republican, Ohio / N.Y.), Eugene V. Debs / Emil Seidel (Socialist, Ind. / Wis.)
1916 (with Thomas R. Marshall of Ind.) def. William Howard Taft / Charles Evans Hughes (Republican, N.Y. / Ind.)
1921–1923:Warren G. Harding† (Republican, Ohio)
1920 (with Calvin Coolidge of Mass.) def. James M. Cox / Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democratic, Ohio / N.Y.)
1923–1929:Calvin Coolidge (Republican, Mass.)
1924 (with Charles G. Dawes of Ill.) def. John W. Davis / Charles W. Bryan (Democratic, W.Va. / Neb.), Robert M. La Folette / Burton K. Wheeler (Progressive, Wis. / Mont.)
1929–1933:Herbert Hoover (Republican, Calif.)
1928 (with Charles Curtis of Kan.) def. Al Smith / Joseph T. Robinson (Democratic, N.Y. / Alaska)
1933–1945:Franklin D. Roosevelt† (Democratic, N.Y.)
1932 (with John Nance Gardner of Texas) def. Herbert Hoover / Charles Curtis (Republican, Calif. / Kan.)
1936 (with John Nance Gardner of Texas) def. Alf Landon / Frank Knox (Republican, Kan. / Mich.)
1940 (with Henry A. Wallace of Iowa) def. Wendell Wilkie / Charles L. McNary (Republican, Ind. / Ore.)
1944 (with Harry S. Truman of Mo.) def. Thomas E. Dewey / John W. Bricker (Republican, N.Y. / Ohio)
1945–1953:Harry S. Truman (Democratic, Mo.)
1948 (with Alben W. Barkley of Ky.) def. Thomas E. Dewey / Earl Warren (Republican, N.Y. / Calif.), Strom Thurmond / Fielding Wright (States’ Rights Democratic, S.C. / Miss.)
1953–1961:Dwight D. Eisenhower (Republican, N.Y.)
1952 (with Richard Nixon of Calif.) def. Adlai Stevenson II / John Sparkman (Democratic, Ill. / Ala.)
1956 (with Richard Nixon of Calif.) def. Adlai Stevenson II / Estes Kefauver (Democratic, Ill. / Tenn.)
1961–1963:John F. Kennedy‡ (Democratic, Mass.)
1960 (with Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas) def. Richard Nixon / Henry Cabot Lodge junior (Republican, Calif. / Mass.), Harry F. Byrd / Strom Thurmond (unpledged electors, Va. / S.C.)
1963–1969:Lyndon B. Johnson (Democratic, Texas)
1964 (with Hubert Humphrey of Minn.) def. Barry Goldwater / William E. Miller (Republican, Ariz. / N.Y.)
1969–1974:Richard Nixon (Republican, Calif.)
1968 (with Spiro Agnew of Md.) def. Hubert Humphrey / Edmund Muskie (Democratic, Minn. / Maine), George Wallace / Curtis LeMay (American Independent, Ala. / Calif.)
1972 (with Spiro Agnew of Md.) def. George McGovern / Sargent Shriver (Democratic, S.D. / Md.)
1973: Gerald Ford of Mich. appointed vice president
1974–1977:Gerald Ford (Republican, Mich.)
1974: Nelson Rockefeller of N.Y. appointed vice president
1977–1981:Jimmy Carter (Democratic, Ga.)
1976 (with Walter Mondale of Minn.) def. Gerald Ford / Bob Dole (Republican, Mich. / Kan.)
1981–1989:Ronald Reagan (Republican, Calif.)
1980 (with George Bush of Texas) def. Jimmy Carter / Walter Mondale (Democratic, Ga. / Minn.), John B. Anderson / Patrick Lucey (independent, Ill. / Wis.)
1984 (with George Bush of Texas) def. Walter Mondale / Geraldine Ferraro (Democratic, Minn. / N.Y.)
1989–1993:George Bush (Republican, Texas)
1988 (with Dan Quayle of Ind.) def. Michael Dukakis / Lloyd Bentsen (Democratic, Mass. / Texas)
1993–2001:Bill Clinton (Democratic, Ark.)
1992 (with Al Gore of Tenn.) def. George Bush / Dan Quayle (Republican, Texas / Ind.), Ross Perot / James Stockdale (independent, Texas / Ill.)
1996 (with Al Gore of Tenn.) def. Bob Dole / Jack Kemp (Republican, Kan. / N.Y.), Ross Perot / Pat Choate (Reform, Texas / ”)
2001–2009:George W. Bush (Republican, Texas)
2000 (with Dick Cheney of Wyo.) def. Al Gore / Joe Lieberman (Democratic, Tenn. / Conn.)
2004 (with Dick Cheney of Wyo.) def. John Kerry / John Edwards (Democratic, Mass. / N.C.)
2009–2017:Barack Obama (Democratic, Ill.)
2008 (with Joe Biden of Del.) def. John McCain / Sarah Palin (Republican, Ariz. / Alaska)
2012 (with Joe Biden of Del.) def. Mitt Romney / Paul Ryan (Republican, Mass. / Wis.)
2017–2021:Donald Trump (Republican, N.Y.)
2016 (with Mike Pence of Ind.) def. Hillary Clinton / Tim Kaine (Democratic, N.Y. / Va.)
2021–present:Joe Biden (Democratic, Del.)
2020 (with Kamala Harris of Calif.) def. Donald Trump / Mike Pence (Republican, Fla. / Ind.)
Asia
Saudi Arabia
Kings of Saudi Arabia (1932–)
1932–1953:Abdulaziz (Saud)
1953–1964:Saud* (Saud)
1964–1975:Faisal‡ (Saud)
1975–1982:Khalid (Saud)
1982–2005:Fahd (Saud)
2005–2015:Abdullah (Saud)
2015–present:Salman (Saud)
Israel
Prime ministers of the State of Israel (1948–)
1949–1954:David Ben-Gurion (Workers’ Party)
1954–1955:Moshe Sharett (Workers’ Party)
1955–1963:David Ben-Gurion (Workers’ Party)
1963–1969:Levi Eshkol† (Workers’ Party, from 1967 Labor)
1969–1974:Golda Meir (Labor)
1974–1977:Yitzhak Rabin (Labor)
1977–1983:Menachem Begin (Consolidation)
1983–1984:Yitzhak Shamir (Consolidation)
1984–1986:Shimon Peres (Labor)
1986–1992:Yitzhak Shamir (Consolidation)
1992–1995:Yitzhak Rabin‡ (Labor)
1995–1996:Shimon Peres (Labor)
1996–1999:Benjamin Neyantahu (Consolidation)
1999–2001:Ehud Barak (Labor)
2001–2006:ArielSharon(Consolidation, from 2005 Forward)
2006–2009:Ehud Olmert (Forward)
2009–2021:Benjamin Neyantahu (Consolidation)
2021–2022:Naftali Bennett (New Right)
2022–present:Yair Lapid (There Is a Future)
India
Prime ministers of the Republic of India (1947–)
1947–1964:Jawaharlal Nehru† (Indian National Congress)
1964–1966:Lal Bahadur Shastri† (Indian National Congress)
1966–1977:Indira Gandhi (Indian National Congress)
1977–1979:Morarji Desai (Janata Party)
1979–1980:Charan Singh (Janata Party (Secular))
1980–1984:Indira Gandhi‡ (Indian National Congress)
1984–1989:Rajiv Gandhi (Indian National Congress)
1989–1990:Vishwanath Pratap Singh (Janata Dal)
1990–1991:Chandra Shekhar (Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya))
1991–1996:P. V. Narasimha Rao (Indian National Congress)
2019–present:Ursula von der Leyen (People’s Party, Germany)
The United Kingdom
Kings and queens of England (871–1707)
871–899:Alfred the Great (Wessex)
899–924:Edward the Elder (Wessex)
924–939:Æthelstan (Wessex)
939–946:Edmund I (Wessex)
946–955:Eadred (Wessex)
955–959:Eadwig (Wessex)
959–975:Edgar the Peaceful (Wessex)
975–978:Edward the Martyr (Wessex)
978–1013:Æthelred the Unready* (Wessex)
1013–1014:Sweyn Forkbeard (Knýtlinga)
1014–1016:Æthelred the Unready (Wessex)
1016:Edmund Ironside (Wessex)
1016–1035:Canute the Great (Knýtlinga)
1035–1040:Harold Harefoot (Knýtlinga)
1040–1042:Harthacnut (Knýtlinga)
1042–1066:Edward the Confessor (Wessex)
1066:Harold Godwinson (Godwin)
1066–1087:William I the Conqueror (Normandy)
The numbering of English and British monarchs traditionally begins with the reign of William I
1087–1100:William II Rufus (Normandy)
1100–1135:Henry I Beauclerc (Normandy)
1135–1154:Stephen (Blois)
During the Anarchy of 1135–1153 the title was disputed between Stephen and Empress Matilda (Normandy)
1154–1189:Henry II Curtmantle (Plantagenet)
1189–1199:Richard I the Lionheart (Plantagenet)
1199–1216:John Lackland (Plantagenet)
1216–1272:Henry III (Plantagenet)
1272–1307:Edward I Longshanks (Plantagenet)
1307–1327:Edward II (Plantagenet)
1327–1377:Edward III (Plantagenet)
1377–1399:Richard II (Plantagenet)
1399–1413:Henry IV (Lancaster)
1413–1422:Henry V (Lancaster)
1422–1461:Henry VI* (Lancaster)
The 1455–1485 Wars of the Roses would see the throne pass back and forth between the rival houses of Lancaster and York
1461–1470:Edward IV* (York)
1470–1471:Henry VI* (Lancaster)
1471–1483:Edward IV (York)
1483:Edward V (York)
1483–1485:Richard III (York)
1485–1509:Henry VII (Tudor)
1509–1547:Henry VIII (Tudor)
1547–1553:Edward VI (Tudor)
1553–1554:Mary I (Tudor)
1554–1558:Mary I and Philip (Tudor)
1558–1603:Elizabeth I (Tudor)
1603–1625:James I (Stuart)
1625–1649:Charles I (Stuart)
1649–1653:No monarch; Commonwealth of England ruled by Rump Parliament
1653–1658:Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of the Commonwealth
1658–1659:Richard Cromwell, Lord Protector of the Commonwealth
1659–1660:No monarch; political anarchy
1660–1685:Charles II (Stuart)
1685–1688:James II* (Stuart)
James II was overthrown in the Glorious Revolution
1689–1694:William III of Orange and Mary II (Stuart)
1694–1702:William III of Orange (Stuart)
1702-1707:Anne (Stuart)
Acts of Union between England and Scotland signed in 1707
Kings and queens of the United Kingdom (1707–)
1707–1714:Anne (Stuart)
1714–1727:George I (Hanover)
1727–1760:George II (Hanover)
1760–1820:George III (Hanover)
1820–1830:George IV (Hanover)
1830–1837:William IV (Hanover)
1837–1901:Victoria (Hanover)
1901–1910:Edward VII (Saxe-Coburg and Gotha)
1910–1936:George V (Saxe-Coburg and Gotha)
Name of royal house changed to Windsor in 1917
1936:Edward VIII* (Windsor)
1936–1952:George VI (Windsor)
1952–present:Elizabeth II (Windsor)
Prime ministers of the United Kingdom (1945–) [includes elections]
1945–1951:Clement Attlee (Labour)
1945: Labour majority [393] def.
Winston Churchill (Conservative and Unionist) [197],
Archibald Sinclair (Liberal) [12],
Ernest Brown (Liberal National) [11],
Bob Edwards (Independent Labour Party) [2],
Harry Pollitt (Communist) [2],
James McSparran (Nationalist) [2],
C. A. Smith (Common Wealth) [1]
1950: Labour majority [315] def.
Winston Churchill (Conservative and Unionist) [298],
Clement Davies (Liberal) [9],
James McSparran (Nationalist) [2]
1957–1963:Harold Macmillan (Conservative and Unionist)
1959: Conservative majority [365] def.
Hugh Gaitskell (Labour) [258],
Jo Grimond (Liberal) [6]
1963–1964:Alec Douglas-Home (Conservative and Unionist)
1964–1970:Harold Wilson (Labour)
1964: Labour majority [317] def.
Alec Douglas-Home (Conservative and Unionist) [304],
Jo Grimond (Liberal) [9]
1966: Labour majority [364] def.
Edward Heath (Conservative and Unionist) [253],
Jo Grimond (Liberal) [12],
Gerry Fitt (Republican Labour) [1]
1970–1974:Edward Heath (Conservative and Unionist)
1970: Conservative majority [330] def.
Harold Wilson (Labour) [288],
Jeremy Thorpe (Liberal) [6],
William Wolfe (Scottish National) [1],
Unity [2],
Ian Paisley (Protestant Unionist) [1],
Gerry Fitt (Republican Labour) [1]
1974–1976:Harold Wilson (Labour)
Feb. 1974: Labour minority [301] def.
Edward Heath (Conservative and Unionist) [297],
Jeremy Thorpe (Liberal) [14],
William Wolfe (Scottish National) [7],
Harry West (Ulster Unionist) [7],
Gwynfor Evans (Plaid Cymru) [2],
William Craig (Vanguard Unionist Progressive) [3],
Gerry Fitt (Social Democratic and Labour) [1],
Ian Paisley (Democratic Unionist) [1]
Oct. 1974: Labour majority [319] def.
Edward Heath (Conservative and Unionist) [277],
Jeremy Thorpe (Liberal) [13],
William Wolfe (Scottish National) [11],
Harry West (Ulster Unionist) [6],
Gwynfor Evans (Plaid Cymru) [3],
William Craig (Vanguard Unionist Progressive) [3],
Gerry Fitt (Social Democratic and Labour) [1],
Ian Paisley (Democratic Unionist) [1]
1975 EEC membership referendum: REMAIN 67%LEAVE 33%
1976–1979:James Callaghan (Labour)
1977: Labour minority [310] with Liberal C&S [13]
1978: Labour minority [309]
1979–1990:Margaret Thatcher (Conservative and Unionist)
1979: Conservative majority [339] def.
James Callaghan (Labour) [269],
David Steel (Liberal) [11],
Harry West (Ulster Unionist) [5],
Ian Paisley (Democratic Unionist) [3],
William Wolfe (Scottish National) [2],
Gwynfor Evans (Plaid Cymru) [2],
Gerry Fitt (Social Democratic and Labour) [1],
Ernest Baird (United Ulster Unionist) [1],
James Kilfedder (Ulster Popular Unionist) [1]
1983: Conservative majority [397] def.
Michael Foot (Labour) [209],
David Steel & Roy Jenkins (Liberal-Social Democratic Alliance) [23],
James Molyneaux (Ulster Unionist) [11],
Ian Paisley (Democratic Unionist) [3],
Gordon Wilson (Scottish National) [2],
Dafydd Wigley (Plaid Cymru) [2],
John Hume (Social Democratic and Labour) [1],
Ruairí Ó Brádaigh (Sinn Féin) [1],
James Kilfedder (Ulster Popular Unionist) [1]
1987: Conservative majority [376] def.
Neil Kinnock (Labour) [229],
David Steel & David Owen (Liberal-Social Democratic Alliance) [22],
James Molyneaux (Ulster Unionist) [9],
Gordon Wilson (Scottish National) [3],
John Hume (Social Democratic and Labour) [3],
Dafydd Elis-Thomas (Plaid Cymru) [3],
Ian Paisley (Democratic Unionist) [3],
Gerry Adams (Sinn Féin) [1],
James Kilfedder (Ulster Popular Unionist) [1]
1990–1997:John Major (Conservative and Unionist)
1992: Conservative majority [336] def.
Neil Kinnock (Labour) [271],
Paddy Ashdown (Liberal Democrats) [20],
James Molyneaux (Ulster Unionist) [9],
John Hume (Social Democratic and Labour) [4],
Dafydd Wigley (Plaid Cymru) [4],
Alex Salmond (Scottish National) [3],
Ian Paisley (Democratic Unionist) [3],
James Kilfedder (Ulster Popular Unionist) [1]
1997–2007:Tony Blair (Labour)
1997: Labour majority [418] def.
John Major (Conservative and Unionist) [165],
Paddy Ashdown (Liberal Democrats) [46],
David Trimble (Ulster Unionist) [10],
Alex Salmond (Scottish National) [6],
Ieuan Wyn Jones (Plaid Cymru) [4],
John Hume (Social Democratic and Labour) [3],
Gerry Adams (Sinn Féin) [2],
Ian Paisley (Democratic Unionist) [2],
Robert McCartney (UK Unionist) [1]
2001: Labour majority [412] def.
William Hague (Conservative and Unionist) [166],
Charles Kennedy (Liberal Democrats) [52],
David Trimble (Ulster Unionist) [6],
Alex Salmond (Scottish National) [5],
Ian Paisley (Democratic Unionist) [5],
Ieuan Wyn Jones (Plaid Cymru) [4],
Gerry Adams (Sinn Féin) [4],
John Hume (Social Democratic and Labour) [3]
2005: Labour majority [355] def.
Michael Howard (Conservative and Unionist) [198],
Charles Kennedy (Liberal Democrats) [62],
Ian Paisley (Democratic Unionist) [9],
Alex Salmond (Scottish National) [6],
Gerry Adams (Sinn Féin) [5],
Ieuan Wyn Jones (Plaid Cymru) [3],
Mark Durkan (Social Democratic and Labour) [3],
David Trimble (Ulster Unionist) [1],
Linda Smith (Respect) [1]
2007–2010:Gordon Brown (Labour)
2010–2016:David Cameron (Conservative and Unionist)
2010: Conservative coalition [306] with Liberal Democrats [57] def.
Gordon Brown (Labour) [258],
Nick Clegg (Liberal Democrats) [57],
Peter Robinson (Democratic Unionist) [8],
Alex Salmond (Scottish National) [6],
Gerry Adams (Sinn Féin) [5],
Ieuan Wyn Jones (Plaid Cymru) [3],
Margaret Ritchie (Social Democratic and Labour) [3],
Caroline Lucas (Green) [1],
David Ford (Alliance) [1]
2011 alternative vote referendum: YES 32%NO 68%
2014 Scottish independence referendum: YES 45%NO 55%
2015: Conservative majority [330] def.
Ed Miliband (Labour) [232],
Nicola Sturgeon (Scottish National) [56],
Nick Clegg (Liberal Democrats) [8],
Peter Robinson (Democratic Unionist) [8],
Gerry Adams (Sinn Féin) [4],
Leanne Wood (Plaid Cymru) [3],
Alasdair McDonnell (Social Democratic and Labour) [3],
Mike Nesbitt (Ulster Unionist) [2],
Nigel Farage (UK Independence) [1],
Natalie Bennett (Green) [1]
2016 Brexit referendum: REMAIN 48%LEAVE 52%
2016–2019:Theresa May (Conservative and Unionist)
2017: Conservative minority [317] with Democratic Unionist C&S [10] def.
Jeremy Corbyn (Labour) [262],
Nicola Sturgeon (Scottish National) [35],
Tim Farron (Liberal Democrats) [12],
Arlene Foster (Democratic Unionist) [10],
Gerry Adams (Sinn Féin) [7],
Leanne Wood (Plaid Cymru) [4],
Jonathan Bartley & Caroline Lucas (Green) [1]
2019–present:Boris Johnson (Conservative and Unionist)
2019: Conservative majority [365] def.
Jeremy Corbyn (Labour) [202],
Nicola Sturgeon (Scottish National) [48],
Jo Swinson (Liberal Democrats) [11],
Arlene Foster (Democratic Unionist) [8],
Mary Lou McDonald (Sinn Féin) [7],
Adam Price (Plaid Cymru) [4],
Colum Eastwood (Social Democratic and Labour) [3],
Jonathan Bartley & Siân Berry (Green) [1],
Naomi Long (Alliance) [1]
First ministers of Scotland (1999–) [includes elections]
1999–2000:Donald Dewar† (Labour)
1999: Labour coalition [56] with Liberal Democrats [17] def.
Alex Salmond (Scottish National) [35],
David McLetchie (Conservative) [18],
Jim Wallace (Liberal Democrats) [17],
Robin Harper (Greens) [1],
Tommy Sheridan (Socialist) [1]
2000–2001:Henry McLeish (Labour)
2001–2007:Jack McConnell (Labour)
2003: Labour coalition [50] with Liberal Democrats [17] def.
John Swinney (Scottish National) [27],
David McLetchie (Conservative) [18],
Jim Wallace (Liberal Democrats) [17],
Robin Harper (Greens) [7],
Tommy Sheridan (Socialist) [6],
John Swinburne (Senior Citizens Unity) [1]
2007–2014:Alex Salmond (Scottish National)
2007: Scottish National minority [47] def.
Jack McConnell (Labour) [46],
Annabel Goldie (Conservative) [17],
Nicol Stephen (Liberal Democrats) [16],
Shiona Baird & Robin Harper (Greens) [2]
2011: Scottish National majority [69] def.
Iain Gray (Labour) [37],
Annabel Goldie (Conservative) [15],
Tavish Scott (Liberal Democrats) [5],
Patrick Harvie & Eleanor Scott (Greens) [2]
2014 independence referendum: YES 45%NO 55%
2014–present:Nicola Sturgeon (Scottish National)
2016: Scottish National minority [63] def.
Ruth Davidson (Conservative) [31],
Kezia Dugdale (Labour) [24],
Maggie Chapman & Patrick Harvie (Greens) [6],
Willie Rennie (Liberal Democrats) [5]
2021: Scottish National minority [64] def.
Douglas Ross (Conservative) [31],
Anas Sarwar (Labour) [22],
Patrick Harvie & Lorna Slater (Greens) [8],
Willie Rennie (Liberal Democrats) [4]
First ministers of Wales (1999–) [includes elections]
1999–2000:Alun Michael (Labour)
1999: Labour minority [28] def.
Dafydd Wigley (Plaid Cymru) [17],
Rod Richards (Conservative) [9],
Michael German (Liberal Democrats) [6]
2000–2009:Rhodri Morgan (Labour)
2000: Labour coalition [28] with Liberal Democrats [6]
2003: Labour minority [30] def.
Ieuan Wyn Jones (Plaid Cymru) [12],
Nick Bourne (Conservative) [11],
Michael German (Liberal Democrats) [6],
John Marek (John Marek Independent Party) [1]
2007: Labour minority [26] def.
Ieuan Wyn Jones (Plaid Cymru) [15],
Nick Bourne (Conservative) [12],
Michael German (Liberal Democrats) [6]
2007: Labour coalition [26] with Plaid Cymru [15]
2009–2018:Carwyn Jones (Labour)
2011: Labour minority [30] def.
Nick Bourne (Conservative) [14],
Ieuan Wyn Jones (Plaid Cymru) [11],
Kirsty Williams (Liberal Democrats) [5]
2016: Labour coalition [29] with Liberal Democrats [1] def.
Leanne Wood (Plaid Cymru) [12],
Andrew R. T. Davies (Conservative) [11],
Nathan Gill (UK Independence) [7],
Kirsty Williams (Liberal Democrats) [1]
2018–present:Mark Drakeford (Labour)
2021: Labour minority [30] def.
Andrew R. T. Davies (Conservative) [16],
Adam Price (Plaid Cymru) [13],
Jane Dodds (Liberal Democrats) [1]
First ministers and deputy first ministers of Northern Ireland (1998–)
1998–2001:David Trimble (Ulster Unionist)
and
Seamus Mallon (Social Democratic and Labour)
2001–2002:David Trimble (Ulster Unionist)
and
Mark Durkan (Social Democratic and Labour)
2002–2007:Vacant
2007–2008:Ian Paisley (Democratic Unionist)
and
Martin McGuinness (Sinn Féin)
2008–2016:Peter Robinson (Democratic Unionist)
and
Martin McGuinness (Sinn Féin)
2016–2017:Arlene Foster (Democratic Unionist)
and
Martin McGuinness (Sinn Féin)
2017–2020:Vacant
2020–2021:Arlene Foster (Democratic Unionist)
and
Michelle O’Neill (Sinn Féin)
2021:Paul Givan (Democratic Unionist)
and
Michelle O’Neill (Sinn Féin)
1994–2002:Wim Kok (Labour)
Cabinet I (1994):
Labour (37),
People’s Party for Freedom and Democracy (31),
Democrats ’66 (24)
Cabinet II (1998):
Labour (45),
People’s Party for Freedom and Democracy (38),
Democrats ’66 (14)
2002–2010:Jan Peter Balkenende (Christian Democratic Appeal)
Cabinet I (2002):
Christian Democratic Appeal (43),
Pim Fortuyn List (26),
People’s Party for Freedom and Democracy (24)
Cabinet II (2003):
Christian Democratic Appeal (44),
People’s Party for Freedom and Democracy (28),
Democrats ’66 (6)
Cabinet III (2006):
Christian Democratic Appeal (44),
People’s Party for Freedom and Democracy (27) [minority]
Cabinet IV (2007):
Christian Democratic Appeal (41),
Labour (33),
Christian Union (6)
2010–present:Mark Rutte (People’s Party for Freedom and Democracy)
Cabinet I (2010):
People’s Party for Freedom and Democracy (31),
Christian Democratic Appeal (21), with Freedom confidence and supply (24)
Cabinet II (2012):
People’s Party for Freedom and Democracy (41),
Labour (38)
Cabinet III (2017):
People’s Party for Freedom and Democracy (33),
Christian Democratic Appeal (19),
Democrats ’66 (19),
Christian Union (5)
Cabinet IV (2022):
People’s Party for Freedom and Democracy (38),
Democrats ’66 (24),
Christian Democratic Appeal (14),
Christian Union (5)
France
Presidents of the fifth French Republic (1958–) [includes elections]
1959–1969:Charles de Gaulle (Union for the New Republic, from 1967 Union of Democrats for the Republic)
1958 (indirect) def. Georges Marrane (Communist)
1965 def. François Mitterand (Convention of Republican Institutions), Jean Lecanuet (Popular Republican Movement)
1969–1974:Georges Pompidou† (Union of Democrats for the Republic)
1969 def. Alain Poher (Democratic Centre), Jacques Duclos (Communist)
1974–1981:Valéry Giscard d’Estaing (Independent Republicans, from 1977 Republican)
1974 def. François Mitterand (Socialist), Jacques Chaban-Delmas (Union of Democrats for the Republic)
1981–1995:François Mitterrand (Socialist)
1981 def. Valéry Giscard d’Estaing (Union for French Democracy), Jacques Chirac (Rally for the Republic), Georges Marchais (Communist)
1988 def. Jacques Chirac (Rally for the Republic), Raymond Barre (independent), Jean-Marie Le Pen (National Front)
1995–2007:Jacques Chirac (Rally for the Republic, from 2002 Union for a Popular Movement)
1995 def. Lionel Jospin (Socialist), Édouard Balladur (Rally for the Republic), Jean-Marie Le Pen (National Front)
2002 def. Jean-Marie Le Pen (National Front), Lionel Jospin (Socialist)
2007–2012:Nicolas Sarkozy (Union for a Popular Movement)
2007 def. Ségolène Royal (Socialist), François Bayrou (Union for French Democracy), Jean-Marie Le Pen (National Front)
2012–2017:François Hollande (Socialist)
2012 def. Nicolas Sarkozy (Union for a Popular Movement), Marine Le Pen (National Front), Jean-Luc Mélenchon (Left Front)
2017–present:Emmanuel Macron (En Marche!)
2017 def. Marine Le Pen (National Front), François Fillon (Republican), Jean-Luc Mélenchon (Unsubmissive France)
2022 def. Marine Le Pen (National Rally), Jean-Luc Mélenchon (Unsubmissive France), Eric Zemmour (Reconquest)
Germany
Chancellors of the Federal Republic of Germany (1949–)